20 Common Solidity Beginner Mistakes Our intent is not to be patronizing towards developers early in their journey with this article. Having reviewed code from numerous Solidity developers, we’ve seen some mistakes occur more frequently and we list those here. By no means is this an exhaustive list of mistakes a Solidity developer can make. […]
Smart Contract Foundry Upgrades with the OpenZeppelin Plugin Upgrading a smart contract is a multistep and error-prone process, so to minimize the chances of human error, it is desirable to use a tool that automates the procedure as much as possible. Therefore, the OpenZeppelin Upgrade Plugin streamlines deploying, upgrading and managing smart contracts built with Foundry or […]
UUPS: Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard (ERC-1822) The UUPS pattern is a proxy pattern where the upgrade function resides in the implementation contract, but changes the implementation address stored in the proxy contract via a delegatecall from the proxy. The high level mechanism is shown in the animation below: Similar to the Transparent Upgradeable Proxy, the […]
Try Catch and all the ways Solidity can revert This article describes all the kinds of errors that can happen when a smart contract is called, and how the Solidity Try / Catch block responds (or fails to respond) to each of them. To understand how Try / Catch works in Solidity, we must understand […]
The Beacon Proxy Pattern Explained A Beacon Proxy is a smart contract upgrade pattern where multiple proxies use the same implementation contract, and all the proxies can be upgraded in a single transaction. This article explains how this proxy pattern works. Prerequisites We are going to assume that you already know how a minimal proxy […]
Storage Slots in Solidity: Storage Allocation and Low-level assembly storage operations This article examines the storage architecture of the Ethereum Smart Contracts. It explains how variables are kept in the EVM storage and how to read and write to storage slots using low-level assembly (Yul). This information is a prerequisite to understanding how proxies in […]
Invariant Testing in Foundry Introduction In this article, we will discuss invariants and how to perform an invariant test on solidity smart contracts using foundry test suites. Invariant testing is another test methodology like unit test and fuzzing to verify the correctness of code. If you are unfamiliar with unit tests, please see our article […]
Fixed Point Arithmetic in Solidity (Using Solady, Solmate, and ABDK as Examples) A fixed-point number is an integer that stores only the numerator of a fraction — while the denominator is implied. This type of arithmetic is not necessary in most programming languages because they have floating point numbers. It is necessary in Solidity because […]
The Transparent Upgradeable Proxy Pattern Explained in Detail The Transparent Upgradeable Proxy is a design pattern for upgrading a proxy while eliminating the possibility of a function selector clash. A functional Ethereum proxy needs at least the following two features: A storage slot holding the address of the implementation contract A mechanism for an admin […]